Product Information Bone Char for Fluoride Removal or Reduction Bone char carbon is a unique carbonaceous adsorbent manufactured from the treatment and carbonization of selected grades of animal bone and is used for liquid phase filtration to remove organic and inorganic species such as color bodies and many heavy metals. Bone char is different from activated carbon in that it contains both carbon surface area and hydroxyapatite lattice surface area. Features and Benefits Good adsorption of various heavy metals Produced from aged bones for better efficiency Maintains alkalinity in adsorbate The Story about Bone Char Bone char is produced by the calcination or «dry distillation» of cattle bones at temperatures approaching 1000°C in the absence of oxygen. The material consists primarily of apatite II (hydroxyapatite) and approximately 10% elemental carbon with some carbonate arising from the formation of CaO during the ashing process and subsequent reaction with atmospheric CO2. Uptake of contaminants can occur via three processes. Firstly, species can become incorporated within the hydroxyapatite lattice substituting for Ca or CO3. Secondly, species can interact with reactive groups on the surface of either carbon or hydroxyapatite (Physisorption and Chemisorption). Lastly, free phosphate can form stable compounds with contaminants leading to their precipitation. The material has found applications in the sugar and water purification industries as a cost-effective and efficient means of removing trace impurities. The material has been shown to have a high adsorption capacity for a wide range of inorganic and organic contaminants including heavy metals. Bone char has also been used in the removal of radioisotopes from water. Bone Char is especially effective in removing radioactive particles, arsenic, and THM’s from the water as well as fluoride. Shipping Free shipping promotions exclusively apply to the contiguous 48 states. This applies regardless of whether the product description or the free shipping offer mentions it. For international, Puerto Rico, Alaska, and Hawaii orders, free shipping offers do not apply. Please get in touch with us to obtain a shipping quote and check product availability for further information. Terms of Sale We accept returns within 7 days of item delivery. TO GET A REFUND, THE ITEM MUST BE UNUSED. We’ll take back any unused and unopened items within 7 days of when they were delivered. Please note that we can’t refund shipping and handling charges, and you’ll need to cover the return shipping costs. We’ll subtract the original shipping cost from your refund once we receive the goods in their original, unopened, and unused condition at our warehouse. Unfortunately, we can’t accept opened or used products for return; they will be sent back to you. If you purchased items with Free Shipping Offers, a 20% restocking fee will be applied to your final refund.